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Sources for Charts and Table: New York Times, Wall Street Journal, 1997-1999. Standard & Poor's D.R.I; World Bank Debtor Reporting System.
Background: Price of Money, Hedge Funds, Selling Short,
| Rates & Reserves : Created: 8/28/98. Last Update: 3/12/99 | ||||||||||
| Country | Foreign Exchange Reserves ($,Billions) | Short-Term Interest Rates | Inflation Rate |
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| Hong Kong | 9/98: $81
8/98:$100 (China's reserves in wings to help.) |
8/98: ?
10/97: 20% |
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11/28/98 Economy contracted 7% in 3rd quarter. Stock market has risen 54% from recent low. Reserves have begun to recover as well, to a reported $88.7 billion.
Land sales suspended in June. New restrictions on short-selling. Now engaged in a war to outmaneuver hedge funds speculating against currency. Government has also spent $15 Billion in reserves in August to support stock market. |
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| China | 8/98:~$140 |
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Will they devalue?
1/14/99: Guangdong International Trust & Investment Corporation (Gitic) in bankruptcy. Chinese government announces it will not bail out foreign creditors, allowing bankruptcy to proceed. Worry grows that some China-linked companies are burdened by huge, hidden debts. Gitic is a Hong Kong- listed financial company based in Guangdong Province where bankruptcy law is untested and foreign banks have made loans based on "winks and nods from Chinese officials. (NYT, 1/14/99, p. C6) 8/98: China now attracts more than a third of all the investment in factories and other manufacturing plants in developing nations, attracting $42 billion last year. |
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| Japan | 8/98: ?
6/97: $222 |
9/9/98: Overnight rate reduced to .25% (compared to 5.5% in US)
8/28:Long Term Bond yield is 1.07%, the lowest recorded rate in history. Previous low was 1.125% offered by Italian city state of Genoa in 1619. |
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Japan fights deflation as economy contracts.
Economy contracted 5.3 % in 1st quarter of 1998, 3.3% in 2nd quarter, 2.6 % in 3st quarter, and 3.2% in 4th quarter. $830 billion spent by government in last year to stimulate economy. Debt rising quickly. Japan's cumulative national debt is larger than its gross domestic product. The U.S. national debt is just half its GDP. (Associated Press, 2/20/99) National and local government debt has risen from 3.7% of GDP in 1996, to an estimated 9.8% for fiscal year ending in March, 1999. In 2000, Japan faces redemption of ~$833 billion in 10-year bonds, compared to this year's redemption of ~$150 billion. 11/21/98: Government puts in place a $500 billion support program for financial institutions, which face an estimated $650 billion in bad debt. Goverment coalition supports $200 billion economic package to stimulate economy. As yen finally strengthens against the dollar, overnight bank rate reduced .5 to .25%. Government pouring $120 billion into economy and also prepared to print yen to restore liquidity. Banks shortage of capital may impede foreign operations. Banking system needs bailout and reform, especially the Long-Term Credit Bank with $182 Billion in assets. Estimates of funds needed for bailout as high as $200 billion. 10/5/98: Masuaru Hayami, governor of Bank of Japan, tells Treasury Secretary Rubin and US Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan that 19 major Japanese banks face acute capital shortages that might prevent them from operating internationally "if the rules were vigorously inforced.". Other senior Japanese official dispute Mr. Hayami's presentation. Reserve levels hinted at range from less than 8% to less than 4% of outstanding loans. (NYT, 10/5/98) |
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| Russia | 4/99: $10.8
8/98: $5.5 of which ~$4.5 is gold. 6/98: $10 5/98: $14 10/97: $23 |
5/98: 90% for Treasuries | 7/98:~1%
9/98:~43% |
Largest cities suffering from total disconnect between public and private economies. Legal and regulatory systems in shambles. Government cannot collect taxes, yet is responsible for social goods, foreign debt. Private economy functions in dollars and goods (barter).
Provincial heartland coping better? "In Moscow, less than half the working-age population pays any taxes...In Duloxetina generico 60 mg preço, the figure is more than 90 percent." $8.5 Billion spent to support ruble in last month alone. ~$10 Billion loan balance from IMF promised over the next year, if reform proceeds. Russian male life expectancy has dropped: 1989: 64 years 1997: 57 years |
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| Latin America buys ~15-20% of US Exports. Many of these countries have instituted substantial reforms in the last few years. However... | ||||||||||
| Country | Foreign Exchange Reserves ($,Billions) | Short-Term Interest Rates | Inflation Rate |
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| Brazil
Brazil |
1/23/99: $26.
10/14/98: $45 9/24/98: $47. 9/11/98: $55. 9/4/98 : $58. 8/28/98: $70. |
5/12/99: 27%
4/14/99: 34% 3/5/99: 45% 2/4/99: 39% 1/30/99: 37% 9/20/98: Interbank loan rate doubles from 24.75% to 49.75%. 9/9/98: 29.75% 8/98: 19.75% 6/98: 22.2% 9/97: 41% |
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5/12/99: Brazil's Central Bank lowers interest rate to 27%. Economy grows 1% in first quarter, led by agricultural exports. Unemployment in Sao Paolo, Brazil's richest city, is 20%.
4/16/99: Brazil still teetering, but not falling. Budget deficit has risen to 14% of GDP since currency float, up from 8% at end of 1998. But inflation has slowed, and Brazil is preparing to sell $3.75 billion in dollar-denominated bonds, returning to global debt markets for first time since Russian default last summer. Fraga has lowered Central Bank interest rate from 45% to 34%. 3/5/99: Currency down 40% since early January float. Fraga raises interest rates to 45% to fight inflation. Harvard's Jeffrey Sachs thinks rates should be cut to 20% to spur job growth and slow rising internal debt burden . (NYT, 3/5/99, p. C4) 2/19/99 Brazil officially in recession for first time in six years, after two consecutive quarterly drops in Gross Deomestic Product (GDP). Bloomberg survey of 10 economists predicts 4.1% contraction in 1999.
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